Method for making a micromechanical device by removing a sacrificial layer with multiple sequential etchants

ABSTRACT

An etching method, such as for forming a micromechanical device, is disclosed. One embodiment of the method is for releasing a micromechanical structure, comprising, providing a substrate; providing a sacrificial layer directly or indirectly on the substrate; providing one or more micromechanical structural layers on the sacrificial layer; performing a first etch to remove a portion of the sacrificial layer, the first etch comprising providing an etchant gas and energizing the etchant gas so as to allow the etchant gas to physically, or chemically and physically, remove the portion of the sacrificial layer; performing a second etch to remove additional sacrificial material in the sacrificial layer, the second etch comprising providing a gas that chemically but not physically etches the additional sacrificial material. Another embodiment of the method is for etching a silicon material on or within a substrate, comprising: performing a first etch to remove a portion of the silicon, the first etch comprising providing an etchant gas and energizing the etchant gas so as to allow the etchant gas to physically, or chemically and physically, remove the portion of silicon; performing a second etch to remove additional silicon, the second etch comprising providing an etchant gas that chemically but not physically etches the additional silicon.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED CASES

This application is a divisional of Ser. No. 10/154,150 to Patel, et alfiled May 22, 2002, the subject matter being incorporated herein byreference.

BACKGROUND

A wide variety of micro-electromechanical devices (MEMS) are known,including accelerometers, DC relay and RF switches, optical crossconnects and optical switches, microlenses, reflectors and beamsplitters, filters, oscillators and antenna system components, variablecapacitors and inductors, switched banks of filters, resonantcomb-drives and resonant beams, and micromirror arrays for direct viewand projection displays. There are a wide variety of methods for formingMEMS devices, including a) forming micromechanical structuresmonolithically on the same substrate as actuation or detectioncircuitry, b) forming the micromechanical structures on a separatesubstrate and transferring the formed structures to a circuit substrate,c) forming circuitry on one substrate and forming micromechanicalelements on another substrate and bonding the substrates side by side orin a flip-chip type arrangement, or d) forming micromechanicalstructures without any circuitry. Regardless of the actual method used,at some point in the manufacturing process for making MEMS devices, asacrificial layer is generally removed in order to release themicromechanical structure. The released structure is then able to beactively actuated or moved, such as pivoting or rotation of amicromirror for a projection display or optical switch, or movementduring sensing, such as an accelerometer in an automobile airbag system.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In its most simple form, the invention is directed to etching a materialwhere a first etch removes a portion of the material and fully orpartially physically removes the material, and where a subsequent etchremoves additional material and removes the material chemically but notphysically. The material can be a semiconductor material such assilicon, and the areas removed can be of any dimensions such as anelongated trench, a well or other area limited in size, or even anentire area across a substrate. The result of the first and secondetches can also result in an undercut such as for microfluidic channelsor for a thermal sensor, or for simply removing material in an ICprocess.

In another embodiment, the invention is directed to releasing amicromechanical structure, comprising: providing a substrate; providinga sacrificial layer directly or indirectly on the substrate; providingone or more micromechanical structural layers on the sacrificial layer;performing a first etch to remove a portion of the sacrificial layer,the first etch comprising providing an etchant and energizing theetchant so as to allow the etchant to physically, or chemically andphysically, remove the portion of the sacrificial layer; and performinga second etch to remove additional sacrificial material in thesacrificial layer, the second etch comprising providing a second ethantthat chemically but not physically etches the additional sacrificialmaterial.

Another embodiment of the method is for etching a material on or withina substrate, comprising: performing a first etch to remove a portion ofthe material, the first etch comprising providing an etchant andenergizing the etchant so as to allow the etchant to physically, orchemically and physically, remove the portion of the material; andperforming a second etch to remove additional silicon, the second etchcomprising providing an etchant that chemically but not physicallyetches the additional material.

Also disclosed is an apparatus that comprises an etching chamber;connected to the etching chamber, a first source of etchant capable ofetching a target material at least partially physically; and connectedto the etching chamber, a second source of etchant different from thefirst source of etchant and capable of etching the target materialchemically but not physically.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1A to 1E illustrate one method for forming micromirrors;

FIG. 2 is a top view of a micromirror showing line 1-1 for taking thecross section for FIGS. 1A to 1E;

FIGS. 3A to 3E illustrate the same method as in FIGS. 1A to 1D but takenalong a different cross section;

FIG. 4 is a top view of a mirror showing line 3-3 for taking the crosssection for FIGS. 3A to 3E;

FIG. 5 is an illustration of a second embodiment of a micromirror in thepresent invention;

FIGS. 6A to 6C are cross sectional views of a method of making themicromirrors of FIG. 5, taken along line 6-6 in FIG. 5;

FIGS. 7A to 7C are cross sectional views of the method illustrated inFIGS. 6A to 6C, taken along line 7-7 in FIG. 5;

FIG. 8 is an illustration of the I/O pads and Si backplane for theembodiment of the invention using separate substrates;

FIGS. 9A to 9D are cross sectional views illustrating the dual etchingsteps in the method of the present invention;

FIG. 10 is an isometric view of a released microstructure;

FIG. 11 is a cross sectional view of a second etch performed without thefirst etch;

FIG. 12 is a view of one embodiment of an apparatus for performingetching in the present invention;

FIG. 13 is a view of another embodiment of the apparatus of the presentinvention; and

FIG. 14 is an illustration of further details of the etching chamber forone embodiment of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Micromechanical Structure Fabrication:

Processes for microfabricating a MEMS device such as a movablemicromirror and mirror array are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,835,256and 6,046,840 both to Huibers, the subject matter of each beingincorporated herein by reference. A similar process for forming MEMSmovable elements (e.g. mirrors) on a wafer substrate (e.g. a lighttransmissive substrate or a substrate comprising CMOS or othercircuitry) is illustrated in FIGS. 1 to 4. By “light transmissive”, itis meant that the material will be transmissive to light at least inoperation of the device (The material could temporarily have a lightblocking layer on it to improve the ability to handle the substrateduring manufacture, or a partial light blocking layer for decreasinglight scatter during use. Regardless, a portion of the substrate, forvisible light applications, is preferably transmissive to visible lightduring use so that light can pass into the device, be reflected by themirrors, and pass back out of the device. Of course, not all embodimentswill use a light transmissive substrate). By “wafer” it is meant anysubstrate on which multiple microstructures or microstructure arrays areto be formed and which allows for being divided into dies, each diehaving one or more microstructures thereon. Though not in everysituation, often each die is one device or product to be packaged andsold separately. Forming multiple “products” or dies on a largersubstrate or wafer allows for lower and faster manufacturing costs ascompared to forming each die separately. Of course the wafers can be anysize or shape, though it is preferred that the wafers be theconventional round or substantially round wafers (e.g. 4″, 6″, 8″ or 12″in diameter) so as to allow for manufacture in a standard foundry.

FIGS. 1A to 1D show a manufacturing process for a micromechanical mirrorstructure. As can be seen in FIG. 1A, a substrate such as glass (e.g.Corning 1737F), quartz, Pyrex™, sapphire, (or silicon alone or withcircuitry thereon) etc. is provided. The cross section of FIGS. 1A-D istaken along line 1-1 of FIG. 2. An optional block layer on the glasssurface (not shown) can be provided to block light (incident through thelight transmissive substrate during use) from reflecting off of thehinge and potentially causing diffraction and lowering the contrastratio (if the substrate is transparent).

As can be seen in FIG. 1B, a sacrificial layer 14, such as amorphoussilicon, is deposited. The thickness of the sacrificial layer can bewide ranging depending upon the movable element/mirror size and desiredtilt angle, though a thickness of from 500 Å to 50,000 Å, preferablyaround 5000 Å is preferred. Alternatively the sacrificial layer could bepolysilicon, silicon nitride, silicon dioxide, polyimide or otherorganic material, etc. depending upon the materials selected for thestructural layers. A lithography step followed by a sacrificial layeretch forms holes 16 a,b in the sacrificial silicon, which can be anysuitable size, though preferably having a diameter of from 0.1 to 1.5um, more preferably around 0.7±0.25 um. The etching is performed down tothe glass/quartz substrate or down to the block layer if present.Preferably if the glass/quartz layer is etched, it is in an amount lessthan 2000Å.

At this point, as can be seen in FIG. 1C, a first layer 18 is depositedby chemical vapor deposition. Preferably the material is silicon nitrideor silicon oxide deposited by any suitable method such as sputtering,LPCVD or PECVD, however other materials such as polysilicon, siliconcarbide or an organic compound could be deposited at this point (ofcourse the sacrificial layer and at least the etchant of the secondetch—to be described below—should be adapted to the material used). Thethickness of this first layer can vary depending upon the movableelement size and desired amount of stiffness of the element, however inone embodiment the layer has a thickness of from 100 to 3200 Å, morepreferably around 1100 Å. The first layer undergoes lithography andetching so as to form holes (0.5 to 1 um in diameter) for posts forholding the MEMS structure on the substrate.

A second layer 20 (the “hinge” layer) is deposited as can be seen inFIG. 1D. By “hinge layer” it is meant the layer that defines thatportion of the device that flexes to allow movement of the device. Thehinge layer can be disposed only for defining the hinge, or for definingthe hinge and other areas such as the mirror. In any case, it ispreferred that the first layer is removed in hinge areas prior todepositing the hinge material (second layer). The material for thesecond (hinge) layer can be the same (e.g. silicon nitride) as the firstlayer or different (silicon oxide, silicon carbide, polysilicon, etc.)and can be deposited by any suitable method such as sputtering orchemical vapor deposition as for the first layer. The thickness of thesecond/hinge layer can be greater or less than the first, depending uponthe stiffness of the movable element, the flexibility of the hingedesired, the material used, etc. In one embodiment the second layer hasa thickness of from 50 Å to 2100 Å, and preferably around 500 Å. Inanother embodiment, the first layer is deposited by PECVD and the secondlayer by LPCVD.

As also seen in FIG. 1D, a reflective and conductive layer 22 isdeposited. The reflective/conductive material can be gold, aluminum orother metal, or an alloy of more than one metal though it is preferablyaluminum deposited by PVD. The thickness of the metal layer can be from50 to 2000 Å, preferably around 500 Å. It is also possible to depositseparate reflective and conductive layers. An optional metal passivationlayer (not shown) can be added, e.g. a 10 to 1100 Å TiN or TiON layerdeposited by PECVD. Then, photoresist patterning on the metal layer isfollowed by etching through the metal layer with a suitable metaletchant. In the case of an aluminum layer, a chlorine (or bromine)chemistry can be used (e.g. a plasma/RIE etch with Cl₂ and/or BCl₃ (orCl2, CCl4, Br2, CBr₄, etc.) with an optional preferably inert diluentsuch as Ar and/or He).

In the embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 1A to 1D, both the first andsecond layers are deposited in the area defining the movable element,whereas the second layer, in the absence of the first layer, isdeposited in the area of the hinge. It is also possible to use more thantwo layers to produce a laminate movable element, which can be desirableparticularly when the size of the movable element is increased such asfor switching light beams in an optical switch. A plurality of layerscould be provided in place of single layer 18 in FIG. 1C, and aplurality of layers could be provided in place of layer 20 and in placeof layer 22. Or, layers 20 and 22 could be a single layer, e.g. a puremetal layer or a metal alloy layer or a layer that is a mixture of e.g.a dielectric or semiconductor and a metal. Some materials for such layeror layers that could comprise alloys of metals and dielectrics orcompounds of metals and nitrogen, oxygen or carbon (particularly thetransition metals) are disclosed in U.S. provisional patent application60/228,007, the subject matter of which is incorporated herein byreference.

Whatever the specific combination, it is desirable that thefirst/reinforcing layer(s) is provided and patterned (at least in thehinge area) prior to depositing and patterning the hinge material andmetal. In one embodiment, the reinforcing layer is removed in the areaof the hinge, followed by depositing the hinge layer and patterning bothreinforcing and hinge layer together. This joint patterning of thereinforcing layer and hinge layer can be done with the same etchant(e.g. if the two layers are of the same material) or consecutively withdifferent etchants. The reinforcing and hinge layers can be etched witha chlorine chemistry or a fluorine chemistry where the etchant is aperfluorocarbon or hydrofluorocarbon (or SF6) that is energized so as toselectively etch the reinforcing and/or hinge layers both chemically andphysically (e.g. a plasma/RIE etch with CF₄, CHF₃, C₃F₈, CH₂F₂, C₂F₆,SF₆, etc. or more likely combinations of the above or with additionalgases, such as CF₄/H₂, SF₆/Cl₂, or gases using more than one etchingspecies such as CF₂Cl₂, all possibly with one or more optional inertdiluents). Of course, if different materials are used for thereinforcing layer and the hinge layer, then a different etchant can beemployed for etching each layer. Alternatively, the reflective layer canbe deposited before the first (reinforcing) and/or second (hinge) layer.Whether deposited prior to the hinge material or prior to both the hingematerial and the reinforcing material, it is preferable that the metalbe patterned (e.g. removed in the hinge area) prior to depositing andpatterning the hinge material.

FIGS. 3A to 3D illustrate the same process taken along a different crosssection (cross section 3-3 in FIG. 4) and show the sacrificial layer 14deposited on the light transmissive substrate 10, followed by layers 18,20 and the metal layer 22. The cross sections in FIGS. 1A to 1D and 3Ato 3D are taken along substantially square mirrors in FIGS. 2 and 4respectively.

It should also be noted that materials and method mentioned above areexamples only, as many other method and materials could be used. Forexample, the Sandia SUMMiT process (using polysilicon for structurallayers) or the Cronos MUMPS process (also polysilicon for structurallayers) could be used in the present invention. Also, a MOSIS process(AMI ABN-1.5 um CMOS process) could be adapted for the presentinvention, as could a MUSiC process (using polycrystalline SiC for thestructural layers) as disclosed, for example, in Mehregany et al., ThinSolid Films, v. 355-356, pp. 518-524, 1999. Also, though PVD and CVD arereferred to above, other thin film deposition methods could be used fordepositing the layers, including spin-on, anodization, oxidation,electroplating and evaporation.

After forming the microstructures as in FIGS. 1 to 4 on the first wafer,it is preferable to remove the sacrificial layer so as to release themicrostructures (in this case micromirrors). The release is described inmore detail hereinbelow. This release can be performed at the die level,though it is preferred to perform the release at the wafer level. FIGS.1E and 3E show the microstructures in their released state. As can beseen in FIG. 1E, posts 2 hold the released microstructure on substrate10.

An alternate embodiment to that illustrated in FIG. 1-4, is illustratedin FIGS. 5 to 7. As can be seen in FIG. 5, the mirror formed is notsquare. The micromirrors of the present invention need not be square butcan have other shapes that may decrease diffraction and increase thecontrast ratio, depending upon the position of the light source. Suchmirrors are disclosed in U.S. provisional patent application 60/229,246to Ilkov et al. filed Aug. 30, 2000, and U.S. patent application Ser.No. 09/732,445 to Ilkov et al. filed Dec. 7, 2000, the subject matter ofeach being incorporated herein by reference. Also, the mirror hinges canbe flexure hinges as illustrated in the above-mentioned applications andas shown in FIG. 5 of the present application.

FIGS. 6A to 6C are cross sections taken along line 6-6 of FIG. 5. As canbe seen in FIG. 6A, a substrate 1 is provided. A sacrificial layer 2 isdeposited thereon and patterned so as to form holes 6A, 6B. Thesacrificial material can be any suitable sacrificial material known inthe art, such as amorphous silicon, silicon nitride, silicon oxynitride,silicon dioxide, PSG, amorphous silicon, etc. On layer 2 is deposited amicromechanical structural layer 7 (FIG. 6B) of a material differentthan that of the sacrificial layer (e.g. polysilicon if the sacrificiallayer is silicon dioxide, silicon nitride if the sacrificial layer isamorphous silicon or polyimide, etc.). As can be seen in FIG. 6C, anadditional structural layer 8 is deposited (after removing part of layer7 in the hinge areas—not evident in this cross section), followed bydepositing a reflective layer 9 (e.g. a metal such as Al, Ag, Au etc.).Layers 2, 7, 8 and 9 can be deposited by any known methods dependingupon the material (spin-on for an organic material such as polyimide,chemical vapor deposition or sputtering for silicon or siliconcompounds, sputtering for metal, etc.) and/or as disclosed herein withrespect to the other figures. Finally, as illustrated in FIG. 6C, layers7 to 9 are patterned by depositing and patterning photoresist followedby etching with a suitable etchant selected for the material(s) beingetched (e.g. chlorine chemistry for a metal layer, hydrocarbon orfluorocarbon (or SF6) plasma for silicon or silicon compound layers,etc.). Not shown is the final removal of the sacrificial layer 2,discussed further herein below.

FIGS. 7A to 7C illustrate the same process as in FIGS. 6A to 6C, but arecross sectional views taken along line 7-7 of FIG. 5. As can be seen inFIG. 7A, the sacrificial layer 2 is deposited on substrate 1, followedby, in FIG. 7B, depositing layer 7. After deposition of layer 7,portions are removed (see gaps in layer 7 in FIG. 7B). This can beperformed with a chlorine , chlorine compound, hydrocarbon, fluorocarbonor other known plasma etch selected based on the composition of layer 7.Then, as can be seen in FIG. 7C, layers 8 and 9 are deposited over allareas (not shown) followed by patterning to form hinges in the gaps inlayer 7 and a corresponding reflective movable mirror element. Thehinges, therefore, are made of layers 8 and 9 (e.g. a silicon or siliconcompound layer and a metal layer) and the mirror area is formed oflayers 7 to 9. Of course there are many variations to the above, such asputting the metal layer down first, forming the hinges or the entiredevice from a silicon compound-metal alloy (such as in application60/228,007 mentioned above), or using a single silicon or siliconcompound layer and a single metal layer.

Circuitry:

In the present invention, the circuitry can be formed together on thesame substrate as the microstructures, such as in U.S. Pat. Nos.5,061,049, 5,527,744, and 5,872,046. If the microstructures are notformed monolithically on the same wafer as the circuitry, then a secondsubstrate can be provided having circuitry thereon (or, circuitry couldbe provided on both the first wafer and the replacement substrate ifdesired). If the microstructures are micromirrors, then it may bepreferable to form circuitry and electrodes on a second wafer substratewith at least one electrode electrostatically controlling one pixel (onemicromirror on the first wafer portion of the die) of the microdisplay.The voltage on each electrode on the surface of the backplane determineswhether its corresponding microdisplay pixel is optically ‘on’ or ‘off,’forming a visible image on the microdisplay. Details of the backplaneand methods for producing a pulse-width-modulated grayscale or colorimage are disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/564,069 toRichards, the subject matter of which is incorporated herein byreference.

The display pixels themselves, in a preferred embodiment, are binary,always either fully ‘on’ or fully ‘off,’ and so the backplane design ispurely digital. Though the micromirrors could be operated in analogmode, no analog capability is necessary. For ease of system design, thebackplane's I/O and control logic preferably run at a voltage compatiblewith standard logic levels, e.g. 5V or 3.3V. To maximize the voltageavailable to drive the pixels, the backplane's array circuitry may runfrom a separate supply, preferably at a higher voltage.

One embodiment of the backplane can be fabricated in a foundry 5V logicprocess. The mirror electrodes can run at 0-5V or as high above 5V asreliability allows. The backplane could also be fabricated in ahigher-voltage process such as a foundry Flash memory process using thatprocess's high-voltage devices. The backplane could also be constructedin a high-voltage process with larger-geometry transistors capable ofoperating at 12V or more. A higher voltage backplane can produce anelectrode voltage swing significantly higher than the 5-7V that thelower voltage backplane provides, and thus actuate the pixels morerobustly.

In digital mode, it is possible to set each electrode to either state(on/off), and have that state persist until the state of the electrodeis written again. A RAM-like structure, with one bit per pixel is onearchitecture that accomplishes this. One example is an SRAM-based pixelcell. Alternate well-known storage elements such as latches or DRAM(pass transistor plus capacitor) are also possible. If a dynamic storageelement (e.g. a DRAM-like cell) is used, it is desirable that it beshielded from incident light that might otherwise cause leakage.

The perception of a grayscale or full-color image will be produced bymodulating pixels rapidly on and off, for example according to themethod in the above-mentioned U.S. patent application Ser. No.09/564,069 to Richards. In order to support this, it is preferable thatthe backplane allows the array to be written in random-access fashion,though finer granularity than a row-at-a-time is generally notnecessary.

It is desirable to minimize power consumption, primarily for thermalreasons. Decreasing electrical power dissipation will increase theoptical/thermal power budget, allowing the microdisplay to tolerate theheat of more powerful lamps. Also, depending upon the way themicrodisplay is assembled (wafer-to-wafer join+offset saw), it may bepreferable for all I/O pads to be on one side of the die. To minimizethe cost of the finished device it is desirable to minimize pin count.For example, multiplexing row address or other infrequently-used controlsignals onto the data bus can eliminate separate pins for thesefunctions with a negligible throughput penalty (a few percent, e.g. oneclock cycle for address information per row of data is acceptable). Adata bus, a clock, and a small number of control signals (5 or less) arepreferred.

In use, the die can be illuminated with a 200 W or more arc lamp. Thethermal and photo-carrier effects of this may result in special layoutefforts to make the metal layers as ‘opaque’ as possible over the activecircuitry to reflect incident optical energy and minimize photocarrierand thermal effects. An on-chip PN diode could be included for measuringthe temperature of the die.

In one embodiment the resolution is XGA, 1024×768 pixels, though otherresolutions are possible. A pixel pitch of from 5 to 24 um is preferred(e.g. 14 um). The size of the electrode array itself is determined bythe pixel pitch and resolution. A 14 um XGA device's pixel array willtherefore be 14.336×10.752 mm.

As can be seen in FIG. 8, the I/O pads (88) can be placed along theright edge of the die, as the die is viewed with pixel (0,0) (89 in FIG.5) at the top left corner. Putting the pads on the ‘short’ (left/right)edge (87) of the die is preferable due to the slightly reduced die size.The choice of whether the I/O should go on the left vs. right edge ofthe die is of little importance since the display controller ASIC maysupport mirroring the displayed image in the horizontal axis, thevertical axis, or both. If it is desired to orient the display with theI/O on the left edge, the image may simply be rotated 180 degrees by theexternal display controller. The electrode voltage during operation is,in the low state 0V and in the high state preferably from 5 to 7 V (or12V or higher in the higher voltage design). Of course other voltagesare possible, though lower actuation voltages are preferred. In oneembodiment the electrodes are metal squares, though other geometries arepossible. Standard CMOS passivation stackup over the electrodes can beprovided.

Assembly:

After depositing and patterning the various micromechanical layers, thesubstrate itself, or a deposited sacrificial material, is removed inorder to release the micromechanical structures. Removal of substrate ofdeposited material can also be simply for undercutting (e.g. for athermal sensor) or for forming wells or trenches (e.g in an integratedcircuit process). In any case, the removal/etching of material ispreferably performed immediately prior to bonding the just-etchedsubstrate to another substrate (e.g. a) a circuit substrate as disclosedhereinabove, b) a permanent silicon, glass or other substrate such aswhen the micromechanical structures are formed monolithically on thesame substrate as actuation, detection or other circuitry, or c) aremovable “sacrificial” substrate such as disclosed in U.S. patentapplication 60/276,222 to Patel et al. filed Mar. 15, 2001. Regardlessof the type and purpose of the second substrate to be attached, anyknown substrate or specifically wafer bonding process could be used,including epoxy bonding (disclosed further below), anodic bonding,fusion bonding, metal thermocompression bonding, etc.). In oneembodiment of the invention, the substrate with (preferably released)micromechanical structures, or undercut structures, is bonded to thesecond substrate with the application of epoxy. Before or after suchsubstrate bonding, an optional anti-stiction treatment or otherpassivation treatment, or treatment for improving epoxy bond strength,can be applied. If an anti-stiction treatment is performed, in apreferred embodiment the treatment is a self assembled monolayer orlubricant. The anti-stiction layer is preferably formed by placing thedevice in a liquid or gas silane, preferably an alkyl silane, e.g. achlorosilane known in the art. Of course, many different silanes andother materials are known in the art for their ability to reduce surfacecontact forces and provide anti-stiction for MEMS structures.

The release of the micromechanical structures in the present invention(e.g. micromirrors)—or simple etching—is a multi-step process. A firstetch is performed that has relatively low selectivity (e.g. less than200:1, preferably less than 100:1 and more preferably less than 35:1 oreven 10:1). A second etch follows has higher selectivity (e.g. greaterthan 100:1, preferably greater than 200:1 and more preferably greaterthan 500:1 or even 1000:1). The first etch is preferably a gas etchwhere the etchant is preferably a fluoride etchant, more preferably anenergized fluoride gas. The energized fluoride gas is energized with,for example, light (e.g. UV light), an electric field, or other fieldsor energy to energize the gas beyond its normal energy as a gas at aparticular temperature, such as into a plasma state. This energizing ofthe gas of the invention gives it a physical component to its etchingbehavior, in addition to a chemical component. Specific examples forenergizing the etchant of the first etch include using a pair ofparallel plate electrodes disposed in a chamber with a gas, and applyingelectric power of high frequency to the electrodes so that gasdischarging takes place to generate gas plasma. Besides reactive ionetching and plasma etching, there are EDR dry etching methods, ion beametching methods and photo excited etching methods. The first etchantcould also be a noble gas which is energized so as to cause a purelyphysical etch in the first etch (e.g. an Ar or Xe sputter etch). Thesemethods for the first etch in the invention preferably accomplish theinitial etch by causing an interaction physically (Ar sputter) orchemically and physically (plasma fluoride compound) between theenergized gas and the material to be removed in making the MEMS device.The first etch, therefore, is preferably the result of at leastenergetic bombardment of the sacrificial material (e.g. by chargedspecies such as positive ions, electrons or negative ions), and possiblyadditionally a chemical reaction between the etchant gas or gases (e.g.by radicals) and the sacrificial material.

The first etch utilizes a halogen containing etchant gas that removesthe silicon containing sacrificial material both chemically andphysically and is preferably a fluorocarbon compound which has carbonand fluorine components (a perfluorocarbon), or carbon, fluorine andhydrogen components (a hydrocarbon). Chlorofluorocarbons andbromofluorocarbons (e.g. C2F2Cl2, C3F4Cl2, CFCl, C3F2Cl2Br2, CF3Cl,C2F2Br2, CFBr and CF2ClBr) are also possibilities, though they arebanned in most countries of the world. If the etchant gas is of theformula CxFy, it can be C5F12, C3F6, C2F6, C3F8, C4F8, CF4, C2F4, CF2,C2F6, C4F10, C6F14 or other etchant consisting of carbon and fluorine asis known in the art. If the etchant gas is a hydrocarbon of the formulaCxFyHz, it can be C3HF6, C3H2F6, C3H3F5, CH2F2, C3HF7 or other etchantconsisting of carbon, fluorine and hydrogen as is known in the art. Or,the etchant of the first etch could be an oxygenated perfluorocarbon,such as CF3OCHFCF3 or CF3CF2OCF2CHF2. The first etch can alternativelyutilize sulfur hexafluoride, or an energized interhalogen or a noble gashalide that etches the sacrificial material both chemically andphysically (e.g. RIE/plasma XeF2, IF 5 , BrCl3, BrF3, IF7, ClF3, ClF5,IC1, IBr, etc.).

In one embodiment, the first etch gas is excited with multiple or singlewavelengths in the ultraviolet region, preferably in the UV-C region,such as with synchrotron radiation, or preferably with a xenon flashlamp (200 nm and above), a photoionization lamp such as a Cathodeonphotoionization lamp (112 nm to 250 nm), a vacuum ultra violet lamp suchas a Cathodeon (Deuterium arc source) vacuum ultra violet lamp (112 nmup to 900 nm), or a McPherson Deuterium VUV (emissions continuousbetween 165 nm and 370 nm). Of course the spectrum or specificwavelength can be tailored to the etchant gas being used. For example, asingle wavelength excimer laser could also be used, that has awavelength that corresponds to an absorption wavelength of the etchantgas. For example, if the first etch uses XeF2, then an excimer laseremitting a wavelength of 157 nm could be used to photoionize the XeF2gas. For example, a fluorine laser (e.g. a VUV 157 nm GAM laser,Lambda-Physik Novaline F1030—1000 Hz 157 nm fluorine laser, or a CymerELX-6500 1000 Hz 157 nm fluorine laser) that is scanned over thesubstrate surface or exposes the entire substrate or portions thereof(e.g. die portions) at the same time due to magnification with CaF2optics (e.g. a catadioptric lens system)—with or without a mask toprotect micromechanical structures—can be utilized. In the alternative,a plasma etching system, e.g. from MRC, Drytek or Applied Materials,could be used to energize the first etch gas.

One or more additional gases can be mixed with the aforementionedetchants for the first etch, including one or more of O2, an inert gassuch as Xe or Ar, N2, F2, H2, CO, NxFy (e.g. NF3), SixFy (e.g. SiF4) oran additional fluorocarbon (with or without a hydrogen component) asabove. The exact mixture of gases for the first etch can be optimizedfor the sacrificial material as known in the art, though it is notnecessary that the selectivity be optimized (rather that the primaryfluoride containing gas and any additional gases be capable of etchingsilicon and/or silicon compounds when energized). Regardless of whichgas or gases are used in the first energized etch, it is preferred thatthe first etch not proceed all the way through the thickness of thesacrificial layer. In most cases, the first etch should proceed through¼ or less, or preferably {fraction (1/10)} or less of the totalthickness of the sacrificial layer. Also, it is preferred that the etchproceed for less than 20 minutes, and more preferably less than 10minutes. The preferred etching depth is 500 angstroms or less andpreferably less than 250 angstroms. Such limits on the first etch shouldresult in substantially no undercutting (of etch material from under themicromechanical structural material).

The second etch utilizes an etchant gas capable of spontaneous chemicaletching of the sacrificial material, preferably isotropic etching thatchemically (and not physically) removes the sacrificial material. Suchchemical etching and apparatus for performing such chemical etching aredisclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/427,841 to Pate et al.filed Oct. 26, 1999, and in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/649,569to Patel at al. filed Aug. 28, 2000, the subject matter of each beingincorporated herein by reference. Preferred etchants for the second etchare gas phase fluoride etchants that, except for the optionalapplication of temperature, are not energized. Examples include HF gas,noble gas halides such as xenon difluoride, and interhalogens such asIF5, BrCl3, BrF3, IF7 and ClF3. The second etch may comprise additionalgas components such as N2 or an inert gas (Ar, Xe, He, etc.). Thoughsuch gases can be used in the first etch, the difference is that in thefirst etch they are energized (e.g to a plasma state) to physically andchemically etch the sacrificial material, whereas in the second etch,except for optional heating, the gas is not energized and chemicallyetches the sacrificial material isotropically. In this way, theremaining sacrificial material is removed and the micromechanicalstructure is released. In one aspect of such an embodiment, BrF3 or XeF2are provided in a plasma-etching chamber with diluent (e.g. N2 and He).A plasma etch for 1 to 90 minutes, depending upon the concentration ofetchant used, is followed by a non-plasma chemical etch using the sameinterhalogen or noble gas halide.

In one embodiment, the first etch removes sacrificial material exposedbetween micromechanical elements to be released that are from ¼ to 5 um,preferably from ½ to 1 um spaced apart from each other, thus removing“strips” of sacrificial material having an effective width of e.g. from½ to 1 um. The depth of sacrificial material removed in the first etchis from 10 to 100 angstroms and is less than {fraction (1/10)}th,preferably less than {fraction (1/20)}th of the total depth ofsacrificial material to be removed by both the first and secondetchants. The material removed between each microstructure and substratehas a length and width of from 10 to 1000 um (preferably from 25 to 100um) and a depth of from 0.25 to 50 um (preferably from 1 to 10 um)—within most cases the etching undercuts and releases structural layershaving a surface area of from 100 to 2500 um².

Referring again to FIGS. 1-4, it can be seen that a metal layer (e.g.aluminum) in this embodiment is provided prior to performing the firstand second etches. As such, in a preferred embodiment of the inventionthe first and second etches would minimally harm any metal (e.g. Al)provided as part of the microstructures or metallic interconnects, whileat the same time being preferably relatively non-selective so as toremove residues such as photoresist, photoresist developer orremover/cleaner, as well as oxides of silicon, silicon, etc. An industrystandard HF (gas or liquid) wash would not meet these preferredcharacteristics (higher Al damage, low Si etching, etc.).

The methods discussed generally above, can be implemented in a number ofways. For example, a glass wafer (such as a Coming 1737F, Eagle 2000,quartz or sapphie wafer) can be provided and coated with an opaquecoating, such as a Cr, Ti, Al, TaN, polysilicon or TiN or other opaquecoating at a thickness of 2000 angstroms (or more depending upon thematerial) on the backside of the wafer, in order to make the transparentsubstrate temporarily opaque for handling. Then, in accordance withFIGS. 1-4, after an optional adhesion layer is deposited (e.g. amaterial with dangling silicon bond such as SiNx—or SiOx, or aconductive material such as vitreous carbon or indium tin oxide) then asacrificial material of hydrogenated amorphous silicon is deposited(gas=SiH4 (200 sccm), 1500 sccm of Ar, power=100 W, pressure=3.5 T,temp=380 C, electrode spacing=350 mil; or gas=150 sccm of SiHy, 100 sccmof Ar, power=55 W, pressure=3 Torr, temp=380 C, electrode spacing=350mil; or gas=200 sccm SiH4, 1500 sccm Ar, power=100 W, temp=300 C,pressure=3.5 T; or other process points in between these settings) onthe transparent wafer at a thickness of 5000 Angstroms in a plasmaenhanced chemical vapor deposition system such as an Applied MaterialsP5000. Or, the sacrificial material could be deposited by LPCVD at 560C, along the lines set forth in U.S. Pat. No. 5,835,256 to Huibers etal., incorporated herein by reference. Or, the sacrificial materialcould be deposited by sputtering, or could be a non-silicon containingmaterial such as an organic material (to be later removed by, e.g.plasma oxygen ash). The a-Si is patterned (photoresist and etched by achlorine chemistry, e.g. Cl2, BCl3 and N2), so as to form holes forattachment of the mirror to the glass substrate. A first layer ofsilicon nitride, for creating stiffness in the mirror and for connectingthe mirror to the glass, is deposited by PECVD (RF power=150 W,pressure=3 Torr, temp=360 C, electrode spacing=570 mils, gas=N2/SiH4/NH3(1500/25/10); or RF power=127 W, pressure=2.5 T, temp=380 C,gas=N2/SiH4/NH3 (1500/25/10 sccm), electrode spacing=550 mil, or otherprocess parameters could be used, such as power at 175 W and pressure at3.5 Torr) at a thickness of 900 Angstroms and is patterned (pressure=800mT, RF power=100 to 200 W, electrode spacing=0.8 to 1.1 mm,gas=CF4/CHF3/Ar (60 or 70/40 to 70/600 to 800 sccm, He=0 to 200 sccm),so as to remove the silicon nitride in areas in which the mirror hingeswill be formed. Next, a second layer of silicon nitride is deposited byPECVD (RF power=127 W, pressure=2.5 T, temp=380 C, gas=N2/SiH4/NH3(1500/25/10 sccm), electrode spacing=550 mil) at a thickness of 900Angstroms. Then, Al is sputtered onto the second silicon nitride layerat a thickness of 500 Angstroms at a temp of from 140 to 180 C,power=2000 W, Ar=135 sccm. Or, instead of Al, the material could be analuminum alloy (Al—Si (1%), Al—Cu (0.5%) or AlSiCu or AlTi, as well asan implanted or target doped aluminum. The aluminum is patterned in theP5000 with a chlorine chemistry (pressure=40 mT, power=550 W,gas=BCl3/Cl2/N2=50/15/30 sccm). Then, the SiN layers are etched(pressure=100 mT, power=460 W, gas=CF4/N2 ({fraction (9/20)} sccm),followed by ashing in a H2O+O2+N2 chemistry in plasma. Next, theremaining structures are ACT cleaned (acetone+DI wafer solution) andspun dry. (this clean can also be done with EKC Technology's EKS265photoresist residue remover or other solvent based cleaner) After resistcoating the frontside of the wafer having the microstructures thereon,the backside TiN is etched in a BCl3/Cl2/CF4 chemistry in plasma (orother metal etchant from CRC Handbook of Metal Etchants)—or polished orground off using CMP, or removed with acid vapor such as HF—followed bya second ACT clean (acetone+DI wafer solution) and a second spin dry.The wafer is singulated into individual die and each die is exposed to300 W CF4 plasma (pressure=150 Torr, 85 sccm for 60 seconds, followed by300 sec etch in a mixture of He, XeF2 and N2 (etch pressure 158 mTorr).The etch is performed by providing the die in a chamber of N2 at around400 mTorr. A second area/chamber has therein 3.5 mTorr XeF2 and 38.5mTorr He. A barrier between the two areas/chambers is removed, resultingin the combined XeF2, He and N2 etching mixture.

Or, the transparent wafer (e.g. Corning 1737F) is coated with TiN at athickness of 2000 angstroms on the backside of the glass wafer. Then, inaccordance with FIGS. 1-4, without an adhesion layer, a sacrificialmaterial of hydrogenated amorphous silicon is deposited (power=100 W,pressure=3.5 T, temp=300 C, SiH4=200 sccm, Ar=1500 sccm, or pressure=2.5Torr, power=50 W, temp=360 C, electrode spacing=350 mils, SiH4 flow=200sccm, Ar flow=2000 sccm) on a glass wafer at a thickness of 5300Angstroms in an Applied Materials P5000. The a-Si is patterned(photoresist and etched by a chlorine chemistry, e.g. C12, BCl3 and N2−50 W), so as to form holes for attachment of the mirror to the glasssubstrate. A first layer of silicon nitride, for creating stifffiess inthe mirror and for connecting the mirror to the glass, is deposited byPECVD (pressure=3 Torr, 125 W, 360 C, gap=570, SiH 4=25 sccm, NH3=10sccm, N2=1500 sccm) at a thickness of 900 Angstroms and is patterned(CF4/CHF3), so as to remove the silicon nitride in areas in which themirror hinges will be formed. Next, a second layer of silicon nitride isdeposited by PECVD (same conditions as first layer) at a thickness of900 Angstroms. Then, Al is sputtered (150 C) onto the second siliconnitride layer at a thickness of 500 Angstroms. The aluminum is patternedin the P5000 with a chlorine chemistry (BCl3, Cl2, Ar). Then, the SiNlayers are etched (CHF3, CF4), followed by ashing in a Hitachi barrelasher (O2, CH3OH at 250 C). Next, the remaining structures are cleanedwith EKC Technology's EKS265 photoresist residue remover. After resistcoating the frontside of the wafer having the microstructures thereon,the backside TiN is etched in a SF6/Ar plasma, followed by a secondclean and a second spin dry.

After depositing the sacrificial and structural layers on a wafersubstrate, the wafer is singulated and each die then is placed in aDrytek parallel plate RF plasma reactor. 100 sccm of CF4 and 30 sccm ofO2 flow to the plasma chamber, which is operated at about 200 mtorr for80 seconds. Then, the die is etched for 300 seconds at 143 mTorr etchpressure (combined XeF2, He and N2). The etch is performed by providingthe die in a chamber of N2 at around 400 mTorr. A second area/chamberhas therein 5.5 mTorr XeF2 and 20 mTorr He. A barrier between the twoareas/chambers is removed, resulting in the combined XeF2, He and N2etching mixture. The above could also be accomplished in a parallelplate plasma etcher with power at 300 W CF4 (150 Torr, 85 sccm) for 120seconds. Additional features of the second (chemical, non-plasma) etchare disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/427,841 to Patel etal. filed Oct. 26, 1999, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/649,569to Patel et al. filed Aug. 28, 2000, the subject matter of each beingincorporated herein by reference.

As can further be seen in FIGS. 9A to D, a substrate 10 (silicon orglass) has a sacrificial silicon or silicon compound layer 20 disposedthereon. One or more structural layers 30 are provided (and patterned)on the sacrificial layer 20. Residue 22 a and 22 b from prior processingsteps for forming the micromechanical structures prior to release aredisposed on sacrificial layer 20. As can be seen in FIG. 9B, after afirst fully physical or physical/chemical etch, a first portion of thesacrificial layer 20 (along with residue 22 a and 22 b) is removed.Then, as can be seen in FIG. 9C, the remainder of sacrificial layer 20is in the process of being removed by a purely chemical etch, whichultimately results in releasing the micromechanical structure 30 as canbe seen in FIG. 9D and FIG. 10. As can be seen in FIG. 11, if the firstetch is not performed prior to the second etch, then uneven etchingresults as illustrated by lines 32 a and 32 b.

The apparatus for performing the etching of the present invention can beseen in FIG. 12 to 14. As can be seen in FIG. 12, an apparatus isprovided that includes a source chamber 51 (containing, for example,xenon difluoride crystals for the second etch—the crystals maintained ata temperature of 28.5° C. at which temperature the sublimation pressureof the crystals is 5-11 mbar (4-8 torr)), an expansion chamber 52 havinga volumetric capacity of 29 cubic inches (0.46 liter) to receive xenondifluoride gas from the source chamber 51, with a shutoff valve 53joining these two chambers, an etch chamber 54 having a volumetriccapacity of 12 cubic inches (0.18 liter) to contain the samplemicrostructure to be etched, the etch chamber 54 fed by the expansionchamber 52 through a further shutoff valve 55. Also included in theapparatus is a first gas source 56 communicating with the expansionchamber 52 through a further shutoff valve 57, a second gas source 58communicating with the expansion chamber through a separate shutoffvalve 59, a vacuum pump 61 and associated shutoff valves 62, 63 tocontrol the evacuation of the chambers, a third gas source 64 serving asa pump ballast with an associated shutoff valve 65 to preventbackstreaming from the pump 61, and manually operated needle valves 66,67, 68 to set the gas flow rates through the various lines and to permitfine adjustments to the pressures in the chambers. The expansion chamber52 and the etch chamber 54 were both maintained at a temperature of35.0° C., while different gases were placed in the first and second gassources for the various etches.

Although not shown in the drawing, the apparatus may be varied toimprove the sample uniformity and reduce the total etch time (byactively moving reaction products away from etch sites and replenishingthe etch site with reactant) by placing an agitator in the etch chamber54, by including a circulation line between the etch and expansionchambers with a pump in the line to circulate the gas mixture throughthe etch chamber 54 and the expansion chamber 52, or by using both ofthese methods.

The general procedure followed in these experiments began with theevacuation of both the expansion chamber 52 and the etch chamber 54,followed by venting both chambers to atmospheric pressure with gas fromthe first gas source 56 by opening the two shutoff valves 57, 55,between this gas source and the two chambers. The sample was then placedin the etch chamber 54 (with the shutoff valves 57, 55 open during thesample insertion) which was then sealed, and both the expansion chamber52 and the etch chamber 54 were evacuated. All valves were then closed.

The connecting valve 55 between the expansion chamber 52 and the etchchamber 54 was opened, and the shutoff valve 57 at the outlet of thefirst gas source 56 was opened briefly to allow the gas from the firstgas source to enter the expansion and etch chambers to a pressure ofabout 630 mbar (470 torr). The shutoff valve 57 was then closed. Theconnecting valve 55 was then closed, and the expansion chamber 52 wasevacuated and isolated. The supply valve 53 from the xenon difluoridesource chamber 51 was then opened to allow xenon difluoride gas to enterthe expansion chamber to a pressure above 8 mbar (6 torr) (due to thehigher temperature of the expansion chamber). The supply valve 53 wasthen closed, outlet valve 63 was opened, and the needle valve 67 wasopened slightly to lower the xenon difluoride pressure in the expansionchamber to 6.7 mbar (5 torr). Both the outlet valve 63 and the needlevalve 67 were then closed. The shutoff valve 59 at the second gas source58 was then opened and with the assistance of the needle valve 66, gasfrom the second gas source was bled into the expansion chamber to apressure of about 27 mbar (20 torr). At this point the expansion chamber52 contained xenon difluoride at 7 mbar (5 torr) plus gas from thesecond gas source 18 at 20 mbar (15 torr), while the etch chamber 54contained gas from the first gas source at 630 mbar (470 torr).

The connecting valve 55 between the expansion chamber 52 and the etchchamber 54 was then opened to allow the gas mixture from the expansionchamber to enter the etch chamber as the gases from the two chambersbecame mixed and distributed between the chambers, thereby beginning theetch process. The etch chamber thus contained xenon difluoride at apartial pressure of 4.7 mbar (3.5 torr) gas from the first gas source ata partial pressure of 180 mbar (140 torr) and gas from the second gassource at a partial pressure of 14 mbar (11 torr), thereby resulting ina (second gas):(first gas):(xenon difluoride) volume ratio of 3:39:1.The etch process was continued for as long as needed to remove all ofthe sacrificial layer, as determined visually, then discontinued.

FIG. 13 represents a different apparatus than that illustrated in FIG.12. In FIG. 13, the etchant gas for the second etch originates in asource chamber 71. If xenon difluoride is used, effective results can beachieved by maintaining the crystals under 40 degrees C. (e.g. at atemperature of 28.5° C.). (Xenon difluoride is only one of severaletchant gases that can be used. Examples of other gases are mentionedelsewhere herein.) The sublimation pressure of xenon difluoride crystalsat 28.5° C. is 5-11 mbar (4-8 torr). An expansion chamber 72 receivesxenon difluoride gas from the crystals in the source chamber(s) 71, anda shutoff valve 73 is positioned between the source and expansionchambers. The sample to be etched 74 is placed in an etch chamber 75,which can contain a baffle 76 and a perforated plate 77. A reciprocatingpump is positioned between the expansion chamber 72 and the etch chamber75.

Also shown are four individual gas sources 79, 90, 114 and 117 supplyingthe expansion chamber 72 through shutoff valves 91, 92, 116 and 119, avacuum pump 123 and associated shutoff valves 94, 95, 96, 97, and 98 tocontrol the evacuation of the chambers, a third gas source 99 serving asa pump ballast with an associated shutoff valve 100 to preventbackstreaming from the pump 123, and manually operated needle valves101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 111, 115 and 118 to set the gas flow ratesthrough the various lines and to permit fine adjustments to thepressures in the chambers. When xenon difluoride is used, the expansionchamber 72 and the etch chamber 75 are typically maintained at aroundroom temperature (e.g. 25.0° C.). However, the expansion chamber andetch chamber could also be heated (e.g. to between 25 and 40 degreesC.), though this would likely be performed in conjunction with directlycooling the sample being processed. A recirculation line 106 permits gasto flow continuously through the etch chamber 75 in a circulation loopthat communicates (via valves 96, 97, and 104, 105) with the expansionchamber 72 and reenters the etch chamber 75 by way of the reciprocatingpump 78. Valve 112 permits gas transfer between expansion chamber 72 andetch chamber 75 via a portion of the recirculation line 106 withouttraversing recirculation pump 78. Valve 113 in path 110 permitsintroduction of etchant gas into the expansion chamber 72 to replenishthe etchant mixture during the etching process.

The valves are preferably corrosive gas resistant bellows-sealed valves,preferably of aluminum or stainless steel with corrosive resistantO-rings for all seals (e.g. Kalrez™ or Chemraz™). The needle valves arealso preferably corrosion resistant, and preferably all stainless steel.As an optional feature, a filter 109 can be placed in the recirculationline 106 to remove etch byproducts from the recirculation flow, therebyreducing the degree of dilution of the etchant gas in the flow. Thefilter can also serve to reduce the volume of effluents from theprocess. The etch chamber 75 can be of any shape or dimensions, but themost favorable results will be achieved when the internal dimensions andshape of the chamber are those that will promote even and steady flowwith no vortices or dead volumes in the chamber interior. A preferredconfiguration for the etch chamber is a circular or shallow cylindricalchamber, with a process gas inlet port at the center of the top of thechamber, plus a support in the center of the chamber near the bottom forthe sample, and an exit port in the bottom wall or in a side wall belowthe sample support. The baffle 76 is placed directly below the entryport. The perforated plate 77 is wider than the baffle 76 and preferablytransmits all gas flow towards the sample.

The etching chamber of both FIGS. 12 and 13 can be provided so as to becapable of energizing one or more gases for the first etch. For example,the etching chamber can be provided with a system for creating a plasmain the etching chamber. As can be seen in FIG. 14, top and bottomelectrodes are separated by a grounded diffuser plate 42 that allows gasto be transported between the upper and lower areas. When the lowerelectrode is powered, the system can operate like a conventional RIE,whereas when the upper electrode is powered, the plasma is confined toregion 41 between the upper electrode and ground grid 42. In this mode(“remote plasma mode”) the substrate or wafer 43 is shielded from ionbombardment but free radicals and neutral species can be readilytransported to the substrate surface.

The first etch in the present invention can involve one or more ofsputter etching, chemical etching, and accelerated ion-assisted etching(each capable of being caused by the plasma system of FIG. 14, thoughother ways of causing these types of etching are known). In acceleratedion-assisted etching, like the sputtering process, ions are acceleratedby the sheath potential. But, unlike sputter etching, the purpose of theaccelerated ions are not to sputter away the surface, but rather todamage the surface only, leaving dangling bonds and dislocations in thesurface. This is to modify the surface into a more reactive form so thatthe damaged surface will react with the neutral etchants more easily.Sputter etching is a purely physical process whereby surface materialsare being ejected by impinging ions. The ions are propelled by thesheath potentials. Thus, they acquire energy and momentum to knock offthe surface materials when they hit on the surface. The pressure has tobe low in order for the surface materials to move across the reactoronto opposing surfaces. This is also to prevent ejected materials fromcolliding with the gas molecules and thus back-scattering onto thesurface. Chemical etching (during a plasma etch), on the other hand, isa spontaneous reaction between plasma-generated neutral species andsubstrate material to form volatile gaseous reaction products.

The apparatus for providing the physical or physical/chemical etchingcan be within the same chamber as for the second etch, as noted above,as part of a second apparatus separate from the apparatus for the secondetch, or within a separate chamber but as part of the same apparatus asthat used for the second etch. Being provided as part of the sameapparatus, whether in the same chamber or not, allows for the first andsecond etches to take place without exposing the substrate being etchedto ambient. In a preferred embodiment, the substrate being etched is notexposed to gases other than gases used in the first or second etchprocess. A load lock (not shown) can also be provided with theappropriate valves for evacuating the load lock chamber.

In addition to the etchant for the second etch, illustrated as chamber71 in FIG. 13, one or more sources of additional gases, such as O2, SF6,a source of the first etchant (e.g. a hydrocarbon or fluorocarbon), N2,Ar, He, or other diluent gas sources or other sources for providingchemical or physical etching, as well as a source of stiction-reducingagent (e.g. an alkyl chlorosilane) could be connected to the etchingchamber(s). These additional gas sources (potentially in liquid or solidform under pressure) are illustrated as sources 79, 90, 114 and 117 inFIG. 13. Of course additional sources of gases for introduction to theetching apparatus could be provided, and could be provided to separatechambers, depending upon whether a single or multiple chamber apparatusis used.

After releasing the micromechanical structure(s), the first wafer withsuch structures thereon can be packaged (e.g. if circuitry is providedon the first wafer), or the first wafer can be bonded to another waferhaving circuitry thereon, in a “flip-chip” type of assembly. The bondingof the circuitry wafer to the first wafer holding the microstructurescan be by anodic bonding, metal eutectic bonding, fusion bonding, epoxybonding, or other wafer bonding processes known in the art. A preferredbonding method is bonding with an IR or UV epoxy such as disclosed inU.S. Pat. No. 5,963,289 to Stefanov et al, “Asymmetrical Scribe andSeparation Method of Manufacturing Liquid Crystal Devices on SiliconWafers”, which is hereby incorporated by reference. In order to maintainseparation between the bonded wafers, spacers can be mixed into theepoxy. The spacers can be in the form of spheres or rods and can bedispensed and dispersed between the first wafer and sealing wafer inorder to keep the sealing wafer spaced away from the first wafer (so asto avoid damage to the microstructures on the first wafer). Spacers canbe dispensed in the gasket area of the display and therefore mixed intothe gasket seal material prior to seal dispensing. This is achievedthrough normal agitated mixing processes. The final target for the gapbetween the first wafer and sealing wafer can be from 1 to 100 um. Thisof course depends upon the type of MEMS structure being encapsulated andwhether it was surface or bulk micromachined (bulk micromachinedstructures may not need any spacers between the two wafers). The spheresor rods can be made of glass or plastic, preferably an elasticallydeforming material. Alternatively, spacer pillars can be microfabricatedon at least one of the wafer substrates. In one embodiment,pillars/spacers are provided only at the edge of the array. In anotherembodiment, pillars/spacers can be fabricated in the array itself. Ifthe spacers are micro-fabricated spacers, they can be formed on thelower wafer, followed by the dispensing of an epoxy, polymer, or otheradhesive (e.g. a multi-part epoxy, or a heat or UV-cured adhesive)adjacent to the micro-fabricated spacers. The adhesive and spacers neednot be co-located, but could be deposited in different areas on thelower substrate wafer. Alternative to glue, a compression bond materialcould be used that would allow for adhesion of the upper and lowerwafers. Spacers micro-fabricated on the lower wafer (or the upper wafer)and could be made of polyimide, SU-8 photo-resist.

Then, the two wafers are aligned. If precision alignment is desired,alignment of the opposing electrodes or active viewing areas may involveregistration of substrate fiducials on opposite substrates. This taskaccomplished with the aid of video cameras with lens magnification. Themachines range in complexity from manual to fully automated with patternrecognition capability. Whatever the level of sophistication, theyaccomplish the following process: 1. Dispense a very small amount of aUV curable adhesive at locations near the perimeter and off of allfunctional devices in the array; 2. Align the fiducials of the opposingsubstrates within the equipment capability; and 3. Press substrates andUV tack for fixing the wafer to wafer alignment through the remainingbonding process (e.g., curing of the internal epoxy).

The final cell gap can be set by pressing the previously tackedlaminates in a UV or thermal press. In a UV press, a common procedurewould have the substrates loaded into a press where at least one or bothof the press platens are quartz, in order to allow UV radiation from aUV lamp to pass unabated to the gasket seal epoxy. Exposure time andflux rates are process parameters determined by the equipment andadhesive materials. Thermally cured epoxies may require that the top andbottom platens of a thermal press be heated. The force that can begenerated between the press platens is typically many pounds. Withthermally cured epoxies, after the initial press the arrays aretypically transferred to a stacked press fixture where they can continueto be pressed and post-cured. In one embodiment, the epoxy between thefirst wafer and sealing wafer is only partially cured so as to alloweasier removal of the sealing wafer. After the sealing wafer is removed,this epoxy can be optionally cured. An epoxy can be selected thatadheres less well (depending upon the wafer materials) than otherepoxies, so as to allow for easier removal of the sealing wafer aftersingulation. Also, UV epoxy and IR epoxy can be used at the same time,with the UV epoxy being cured prior to IR cure.

Once the wafers have been bonded together to form a wafer assembly, theassembly can be separated into individual dies. Scribes are placed onthe respective substrates in an offset relationship at least along onedirection. The units are then separated, resulting in each unit having aledge on each end of the die. Such a ledge can also allow for electricaltesting of each die, as electrical contacts can be exposed on the ledge(e.g., if circuitry has been formed together with the microstructures onthe first wafer). The parts can then be separated from the array byventing the scribes on both substrates. Automatic breaking can be doneby commercially available guillotine or fulcrum breaking machines. Theparts can also be separated by hand.

Separation may also by done by glass scribing and partial sawing of oneor both substrates. Sawing is preferably done in the presence of ahigh-pressure jet of water. Moisture must not be allowed to contact themicrostructures. Therefore, at gasket dispense, an additional gasketbead must be dispensed around the perimeter of the wafer, or each gasketbead around each die must fully enclose the die area so that water cannot enter and touch the microstructures. Preferably, however, the end ofeach scribe/saw lane must be initially left open, to let air vent duringthe align and press processes. After the array has been pressed and thegasket material fully or partially cured, the vents are then closedusing either the gasket or end-seal material. The glass is then scribedand sawed.

Alternatively, both the first wafer and sealing wafer substrates may bepartially sawed prior to part separation. With the same gasket sealconfiguration, vent and seal processes as described above, saw lanes arealigned to fiducials on the sealing substrate. The glass is sawed to adepth between 25% and 95% of its thickness. The first wafer substrate issawed and the parts separated as described above.

The first wafer, upon which the micromechanical structures are formedand released, can be any suitable substrate for the particular MEMSmicrostructure (and optionally circuitry) formed thereon, such as alight transmissive substrate such as glass, borosilicate, temperedglass, quartz or sapphire, or any other suitable light transmissivematerial. Or, the first wafer could be a metal, ceramic or preferably asemiconductor wafer (e.g. silicon or GaAs). An anti-reflective coatingcan be applied to the glass either before processing begins on theglass, or preferably at the time of packaging.

There are many variations possible to the preferred embodimentsdisclosed above. For example, the second etch, instead of using thepreviously-mentioned gas phase fluoride non-plasma etchants, couldinstead use a gas phase acid, such as (non-plasma) HF, HBr, HI, Cl2,combinations thereof (and any such acid(s) with or without H2),non-energized except for being at a high temperature (e.g. 900 C orabove). Or, either the first or second etch could include BI3, BBr3,BCl3 or AICl3 (plasma etch for the first etch or non-plasma chemicaletch for the second). As with any of the etchants, the etch can beperformed in pulse or continuous mode.

It should be noted that the invention is applicable to formingmicromirrors such as for a projection display or optical switch, or anyother MEMS device that would benefit from protection of themicrostructures during wafer singulation. If an optical switch is themicrostructure being protected, mirrors with multiple hinges can beprovided on the first wafer so as to allow for multi-axis movement ofthe mirror. Such multi-axis movement, mirrors for achieving suchmovement, and methods for making such mirrors are disclosed in U.S.patent application Ser. No. 09/617,149 to Huibers et al. filed Jul. 17,2000, the subject matter of which is incorporated herein by reference.

Of course, the microstructure need not be a movable mirror (for aprojection display, for optical switching, or even for data storage),but could be one or more accelerometers, DC relay or RF switches,microlenses, beam splitters, filters, oscillators and antenna systemcomponents, variable capacitors and inductors, switched banks offilters, resonant comb-drives and resonant beams, etc. Any MEMSstructure, particularly a released or movable structure, could benefitfrom the release method described herein.

The invention has been described in terms of specific embodiments.Nevertheless, persons familiar with the field will appreciate that manyvariations exist in light of the embodiments described herein.

1. An apparatus comprising: an etching chamber; connected to the etchingchamber, a first source of etchant capable of etching in a plasma state;and connected to the etching chamber, a second source of etchantdifferent from the first source of etchant and capable of etching in anon-plasma state.
 2. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising an RFsource.
 3. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a source ofstiction treatment connected to the etching chamber.
 4. The apparatus ofclaim 3, wherein the stiction treatment source is a source of achlorosilane.
 5. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a loadlock selectively in fluid communication with the etching chamber.
 6. Theapparatus of claim 1, wherein the chamber comprises two chambers, onechamber having the RF source with the first source of etchant connectedthereto, a second chamber having the second source of etchant connectedthereto.
 7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first source ofetchant is a source of a hydrocarbon, fluorocarbon or SF6 and the secondsource of etchant is a source of noble gas halide or interhalogen. 8.The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the first source of etchant is asource of fluorocarbon and the second source of etchant is brominetrifluoride or xenon difluoride.
 9. The apparatus of claim 7, furthercomprising a source of at least one of Ar, O2, He and N2.
 10. Theapparatus of claim 1, further comprising a recirculation line forselectively recirculating etchant gas.
 11. The apparatus of claim 1,wherein the etchants of the first and second sources are gases capableof etching silicon when released into the etching chamber, the gas fromthe second source capable of etching silicon in a non-plasma state. 12.An apparatus comprising: a first etching chamber; connected to the firstetching chamber, a source of a first etchant capable of etching in aplasma state; and a second etching chamber; connected to the secondetching chamber, a source of a second etchant different from the firstsource of etchant and capable of etching in a non-plasma state.
 13. Theapparatus of claim 12, wherein said first etching chamber comprises anRF source.
 14. The apparatus of claim 12, further comprising a source ofstiction treatment.
 15. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the stictiontreatment source is a source of a chlorosilane.
 16. The apparatus ofclaim 12, further comprising a load lock.
 17. The apparatus of claim 12,wherein the first etchant is a hydrocarbon, fluorocarbon or SF6 and thesecond etchant is a noble gas halide or interhalogen.
 18. The apparatusof claim 17, wherein the first etchant is a source of fluorocarbon andthe second etchant is bromine trifluoride or xenon difluoride.
 19. Theapparatus of claim 17, further comprising a source of at least one ofAr, O2, He and N2.
 20. The apparatus of claim 12, further comprising arecirculation line for selectively recirculating etchant gas.
 21. Theapparatus of claim 12, wherein the first and second etchants are gasescapable of etching silicon.
 22. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein thesecond etchant is xenon difluoride.
 23. The apparatus of claim 22,wherein the first etchant is a fluorocarbon.
 24. The apparatus of claim22, wherein the first chamber is constructed so as to form a plasma ofthe first etchant.
 25. The apparatus of claim 24, wherein a siliconsample to be etched is disposed within the first chamber and the firstetchant is capable of being energized within the first chamber to etchthe silicon sample
 26. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the firstchamber is constructed so as to form charged species or radicals fromthe first etchant.
 27. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the firstetchant has the formula CxFy.
 28. The apparatus of claim 27, wherein thefirst etchant is selected from C5F12, C3F6, C2F6, C3F8, C4F8, CF4, C2F4,CF2, C2F6, C4F10, C6F14.
 29. The apparatus of claim 28, wherein thesecond etchant is selected from bromine trifluoride, bromine trichlorideand xenon difluoride.
 30. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the firstchamber is a plasma etching system and the second chamber is a xenondifluoride etching system.
 31. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein thefirst chamber comprises top and bottom electrodes.
 32. The apparatus ofclaim 31, wherein the top and bottom electrodes are separated by agrounded diffuser plate.
 33. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein thefirst etching chamber is a plasma etching chamber that can be operatedin remote plasma mode.
 34. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the firstchamber is constructed to perform sputter etching or acceleratedion-assisted etching.
 35. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the firstchamber is constructed for performing a first etch of a sample and thesecond chamber is constructed for performing a second etch of thesample.
 36. The apparatus of claim 35, wherein the apparatus allows forperforming first and second etches on a substrate in the first andsecond chambers respectively without exposing the substrate to ambient.37. The apparatus of claim 12, further comprising a source of SF6. 38.The apparatus of claim 22, further comprising a source of an alkylchlorosilane.
 39. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the first chambercomprises a means to energize the first etchant.
 40. The apparatus ofclaim 21, wherein the first chamber comprises a pair of parallel plateelectrodes disposed in the first chamber.
 41. The apparatus of claim 40,further comprising a source of electric power to supply power to theelectrodes so that gas discharging takes place to generate gas plasma.42. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the first etchant has the formulaCxFyHz.
 43. The apparatus of claim 42, wherein the first etchant isselected from C3HF6, C3H2F6, C3H3F5, CH2F2, C3HF7.